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Etologické pozorování vybraných životních projevů krůty domácí
Kovářová, Nikola
The purpose of this bachelor’s thesis is to assess ethological observation of chosen life expressions of the domestic turkey. In the literal summary I defined ethology, its history, and the division of this science. In the chapter life expressions, there were described senses and essential part of this chapter was focused on specific turkey’s behaviour. The greatest attention was given to the harmful behaviour, which is often discussed topic by large – scale farming. The thesis describes this problematics and some of the methods which are used by the breeders to avoid this behaviour, that often evolves and leads to cannibalism. The end of the thesis contains assessment of the ethologic observation, accomplished by the method of group imaging. Mostly represented activity during all the days of observation was comfort behaviour (35,21 %), relaxing (15,89 %) and displaying (10,94 %).
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Vliv obohaceného prostředí na chování prasat v intenzivním a extenzivním způsobu chovu
ULMONOVÁ, Karolína
The diploma thesis followed the Bachelor's thesis Ulmonová (2018). The work was focused on the elimination of aggressive behavior in extensive and intensive pig breeding. In both establishments, the toy was placed in pre-fattening and pig fattening. It was assumed that reducing aggressive behavior would reduce pig injuries (bitten tails, ears, navel). To eliminate aggressive behavior, a toy (wooden logs, chains) was used, which was always lowered into the pens at a certain time and pulled out again at a certain time. 2 groups were created in both companies (control / experimental). In intensive breeding after 15 pieces, later after 13 pieces. In extensive breeding of 10 pieces. During the pre-fattening 1 ethogram was created and during the fattening another 3 ethograms were created. The basic categories of behavior (feed intake, rest, movement, standing) and frequency categories of behavior (play / aggressive behavior) were evaluated in the ethograms. Groups in extensive breeding spent more time on feeding, compared to groups in intensive breeding. The animals from the control groups spent more time resting. The experimental groups spent more time moving. The movement was associated with the presence of a toy in the pen. Standing on both farms fluctuated considerably, with all observations. The frequency of aggressive behavior was highest in the control group in intensive breeding and increased over time. In the experimental group in intensive breeding, there was a reduction in aggressive behavior, but not complete elimination. The frequency of aggressive behavior in extensive breeding was negligible. The highest frequency of the game was in the experimental group in intensive breeding, the pigs played with the toy the most. The experimental group had the highest frequency of playing with equipment (they had straw available). Cannibalism appeared only in the control group in intensive breeding, in the middle of fattening. In this group, the necessary slaughter took place at the end of the fattening, due to the biting of the tail of one pig.
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Využití obohaceného prostředí při výkrmu prasat
ULMONOVÁ, Karolína
This bachelor thesis deals with the issue of cannibalism in the fattening of pigs. This problem has been eliminated through the enriched space where toys were placed in the pig pen. Ethological observations were performed three times during fattening, the basic categories of behaviour (rest, eating, standing, movement) and frequency categories of behaviour (play, aggressive behaviour) were observed. Changes in the basic categories of behaviour began to appear in the middle of fattening. Pigs from the experimental group rested and stood for longer period. On the other hand, pigs from the control group were moving more. From the beginning of the fattening there was a big difference between the game and the aggressive behaviour. The pigs in the control group gradually ceased to play the game and aggressive behaviour was increasing. Contrary to control group the frequency of play increased during fattening and the aggressive behaviour gradually decreased in the experimental group. However, there was no complete elimination of aggressive behaviour. Cannibalism in the form of barked tails appeared only in the control group at the end of fattening.
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Crayfishes as a prey
MAN, Milan
Due to the increase in the number of non-native species of crayfishes and their presence on more and more localities, there is the possibility of their elimination using predatory fish species. The length relationships between a prey and a predator could clarify this possibility. The aim of this bachelor thesis was to develop high quality literary review about the incorporation of crayfish into the food chain and processing samples of a perch (Perca fluviatilis) from a locality with an occurrence of juvenile crayfishes (Astacus astacus). I wanted to verify the possibility of a perch predation on juvenile crayfish individuals. However, only three crayfishes were found in the analyzed perchs. After a very low percentage of crayfishes in the analyzed perchs, a laboratory experiment was carried out with young of the year of signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) and perchs. Unfortunately, this experiment ended unexpectedly. The crayfishes were served to perchs, but the fishes showed no interest in them throughout the experiment. The results of food analysis show, that smaller perchs are able to eat crayfish, but they are not a sought-after component of their diet. In this case, the low frequency of crayfishes in the diet was caused by enough other food (insect larvae) and also the number of shelters in the pond, where the crayfishes were reared. In the experiment, I unfortunately failed to confirm the positive relationship between a perch as a predator and a juvenile crayfish as a prey. However, the conclusions of the other studies on the use of larger perchs show the preference and high frequency of occurence of juvenile crayfishes in their diet.
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Demonstration of the basic characteristics of population dynamics in the school aquarium synchronization of ecdysis and food availability in a model organism.
HROUDOVÁ, Eva
This bachelor thesis is focused on the synchronization of ecdysis and food availability in semiaquatic bugs Microvelia reticulata (Heteroptera: Gerromorpha). Ecdysis, or molting, is a process when an individual sheds the old cuticle and gradually replaces it by a new one. The main task was to determine whether the ecdysis is influenced by the presence of food. It was also necessary to assess whether such an experiment would be feasible within the school environment. There were 18 cohorts with initial number ca 20 individuals each monitored during this experiment. The cohorts were fed every second day and every day the number of molts and deaths was recorded. Three methods of analysis - 2 test, t-test analysis and nested ANOVA were used for determination whether ecdysis depends on food availability. The results show that the food availability may influence the molting, when higher molting rate was usually in the days without food. It is thus possible M. reticulata nymphs are limited by competition and prefer molting during the food shortage. This long-term experiment is not appropriate in a normal school environment, it is very time and space consuming, and failed to show convincing results.
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Semiaquatic bugs as predators and prey and their use in natural history teaching
JANDA, Václav
The aim of this thesis is to create an overview of scientific findings about the prey and the predators of the representatives of infraorder Gerromorpha, their feeding habits and defence strategies against predators. Gerromorphans are adapted for life on the surface of various water bodies ranging from puddles to open ocean. Majority of water striders feed on insect fallen upon water surface, hatching larvae of aquatic insect or micro-crustacean. Gerromorphans locate their prey by sight and by sensory detection of ripples at water surface caused by prey. Gathering in schools turned out to be an efficient defence strategy against predators. Some species have compound eyes with specialized ommatidia which enable them to see prey on the surface as well as predator under surface. A proposal of the use of Gerromorpha in natural history teaching is part of this thesis. Gerromorphans are convenient for teaching of natural history thanks to the possibility of observation of piercing and sucking mouthparts and various food relations such as predation, cannibalism or kleptobiotic relation. Undemanding rearing of gerromorphans enables easy realization of experiments and observations under school conditions.
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The effect of water temperature on early ontogeny in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus)during post - embryonic development
FRANTA, Pavel
This theses is made up from two methodologically identical experiments, which involved observing the starting time of key sections of early ontogeny (H95, S95, Re95) at a temperature of 24°C. The experiments used 29 groups of eleuterembryoes/larvae which were fed for 30 days, but timing of initial feeding of exogenous food was different between the groups. The first group began initial feeding at the age 72 hPF and every other group was fed for the first time 6 hours later than the previous group (the last group was fed at the first time at the age 240 hPF). The group, which wasn´t fed exogenous food during the experiment, served as control. The effect of timing of start feeding on morphometric and gravimetric characteristics, size distribution, survival and rate of cannibalism in eleuterembryoes/larvae was examined. A temperature of 24 °C was determined the hatching time of eleuterembryoes after 36, resp. 33 hours (1st, respectively 2nd experiment) from fertilization. The start of intake of exogenous food (S95) was determined at age 123 hPF, yolk sac absorption at age 150 hPF during the 1st experiment. At the 2nd experiment the start of intake exogenous food was determined at age 115 hPF and yolk sac absorption at age 161 hPF. During the interval from H95 to S95 records showed an increased rate of growth, especially the caudal part of the body. At the age from S95 to Re95, growth of unfed larvae was stopped (first effect of starvation). Almost all monitored parametres were significantly affected (P < 0,01) by timing of start feeding except for rate of cannibalism. While the percentage representation of large sized and medium sized individuals (the potential cannibals) was decreased with increasing the time of start feeding, the rate of cannibalism wasn´t changed. However the number of small sized individuals was increased with increasing the time of start feeding. The study of the African catfish confirmed the negative impact on survival, which is caused by a delay in initial feeding. Unlike survival, with morphometric parametres there wasn´t observed a significant decrease in values, provide the larvae was first fed before reaching the age of 216 hPF. It was also found that almost 100 % of the individuals in the control (unfed) group died at age 377 hPF. However the first indications of increasing mortality was observed in age 283 hPF. Based on the above information, the PNR (point of no return) was reached approximately at the age of 270 hPF in African catfish
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Influence of Light Regime on the Success of Adaptation of Pike (\kur{Esox lucius}) Larvae on Pelleted Feed in RAS
DUŠEK, Tomáš
The objective of this thesis for a bachelor´s degree was to experimentally evaluate possibilities of adaptation of northern pike (Esox lucius) for controlled breeding conditions in the RAS and for intake of artificial pelleted feed. Special attention was focused on the influence of light regime on the success of adaptation and the rate of cannibalism. The experiment was divided into six groups with different light regimes (L8 : D16, L4 : D8 : L4 : D8, L12 : D12, L4 : D4 : L4 : D4 : L4 : D4, L16 : D8, L8 : D4 : L8 : D4). Into each group were putted 3,600 pieces of pike larvae, which means 20 pcs/l. Feeding was carried out manually in 15 minutes time interval. Daily mortality was recorded and biometric measurements were conducted. After 15 days, the experiment was evaluated. Adaptation for intake of pelleted feed was successful. As was found out, the light regime has the influence on survival, cannibalism and growth of northern pike in RAS. The highest final piece weight was achieved under the light regime L16 : D8 (W= 0,13135 ? 0,02924 g). The lowest final piece weight was achieved under the light regime L8 : D16 (W= 0,06296 ? 0,01306 g). The highest survival was achieved under the light regime L8 : D4 : L8 : D4 (61,36 %), the worst under the light regime L4 : D8 : L4 : D8 (28,33 %).
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